Methods for using clinical laboratory test results as baseline confounders in multi‐site observational database studies when missing data are expected

• Marsha A. RaebelKaiser Permanente
• Susan M. ShetterlyKaiser Permanente
• Christine Y. LuHarvard University
• James FloryWeill Cornell Medicine
• Joshua J. GagneBrigham and Women's Hospital
• Frank E. HarrellVanderbilt University
• Kevin HaynesCarelon Research (United States)
• Lisa J. HerrintonKaiser Permanente
• Elisabetta PatornoBrigham and Women's Hospital
• Jennifer R. PopovicHarvard University
• Mano S. SelvanHumana (United States)
• Azadeh ShoaibiUnited States Food and Drug Administration
• Xingmei WangUniversity of Pennsylvania
• Jason RoyUniversity of Pennsylvania